Reading

Reading Passage: Mid-Autumn Festival

The Mid-Autumn Festival, also called the Moon Festival, is one of the most important traditional festivals in China, Vietnam, and other Asian countries. It is celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar, when the moon is at its fullest and brightest. The festival is a time for family reunions, expressing gratitude, and enjoying the beauty of the autumn moon.

The festival has a long history that dates back over 3,000 years. It began during the Zhou Dynasty in China as a harvest celebration. Farmers gave thanks for a good harvest and prayed for future prosperity. Over time, the festival became more popular and developed into the celebration we know today.

One of the most famous traditions of the Mid-Autumn Festival is eating mooncakes. These round pastries symbolize wholeness and unity. Mooncakes come in many varieties, including sweet fillings like lotus seed paste, red bean paste, and salted egg yolk, as well as savory fillings. Families often give mooncakes as gifts to relatives, friends, and business partners.

Another tradition is lantern lighting. Children carry lanterns in various shapes, such as animals, stars, or even famous cartoon characters. In some cities, large lantern displays are built in parks and public squares, creating a magical, glowing atmosphere at night. Lanterns represent hope, good fortune, and the brightness of the full moon.

The festival is also associated with legends and folklore. The most well-known story is about Chang’e, the Moon Goddess. According to the legend, Chang’e drank an elixir of immortality and floated to the moon, where she lives alone. Her husband, Hou Yi, a great archer, once saved the world by shooting down nine of the ten suns. People admire the moon and tell stories of love, sacrifice, and reunion.

In modern times, the Mid-Autumn Festival continues to be a cultural and social celebration. Families gather for dinners, children play with lanterns, and communities organize cultural performances, moon-gazing parties, and traditional games. In Vietnam, the festival is called Tết Trung Thu and is especially celebrated for children, who parade in the streets with colorful lanterns and enjoy lion dances.

The Mid-Autumn Festival is not only a celebration of the harvest and the moon but also a symbol of family, harmony, and cultural heritage. It reminds people to appreciate their loved ones, reflect on traditions, and share joy and happiness with others.

Vocabulary Exercise

Match the words with their meanings:

1. Harvest

2. Unity

3. Lantern

4. Folklore

5. Symbol

6. Tradition
   
   

a. A practice or custom passed down through generations
b. A story or belief from the past, often involving magic or gods
c. A sign that represents something else, like a meaning or idea
d. A period of gathering crops from the fields
e. A light source, often made of paper, carried in festivals
f. The state of being together or connected as a group

Comprehension Questions

1. When is the Mid-Autumn Festival celebrated, and why is the date important?

2. What are mooncakes, and why are they significant during the festival?

3. Describe the legend of Chang’e and Hou Yi.

4. Name at least three activities people do during the festival today.

5. How is the festival celebrated differently in Vietnam compared to China?

6. Why is the Mid-Autumn Festival considered a symbol of family and harmony?
   
   

Discussion / Writing Exercises

1. Personal Reflection: Write 8–10 sentences about your favorite festival and compare it with the Mid-Autumn Festival.

2. Creative Writing: Imagine you are Chang’e living on the moon. Write a diary entry about your life there and your feelings during the Mid-Autumn Festival.

3. Opinion Writing: Do you think traditional festivals like the Mid-Autumn Festival are important in modern society? Explain why or why not, giving examples.

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The Legend of Cuội on the Moon

Once upon a time, there was a woodcutter named Cuội. One day, while he was in the forest, a young tiger suddenly jumped out at him. With no time to escape, Cuội had no choice but to fight for his life. He swung his axe with all his strength and struck the tiger. Since the tiger was still young, it was weaker than a human and fell to the ground after being hit.

Just then, the mother tiger came back. Cuội quickly threw away his axe and climbed up a tree. From above, he saw the mother tiger run to a nearby bush, bite off some leaves, and chew them before feeding them to her cub. After a short while, the young tiger began to move, wag its tail, and came back to life.

When the mother tiger had carried her cub away, Cuội came down from the tree, went to the bush, dug up the magical plant, and took it home.

Since the day he had that miraculous healing plant, Cuội was able to save many people’s lives. One day, he even saved the daughter of a rich man, who was so grateful that he gave his daughter’s hand in marriage to Cuội. The couple lived happily together.

But one day, Cuội’s wife fell and hit her head, losing consciousness. Cuội used the magical leaves to heal her, but she still didn’t wake up. Heartbroken, Cuội molded a clay brain and placed it inside her head, then applied the healing leaves again. Surprisingly, she came back to life, completely recovered.

However, from that time on, Cuội’s wife suffered from forgetfulness—she often forgot what her husband told her.

One day, Cuội’s wife forgot his warning and poured dirty water on the magical tree. As soon as she did, the tree suddenly began to float upward into the sky. Seeing this, Cuội rushed forward and grabbed its roots. But the tree kept rising, pulling Cuội higher and higher—until he was carried all the way to the moon.

To this day, when we look up at the moon, we can still see the figure of Cuội sitting under his magical tree.

October 28th – Independent Czechoslovak State Day

(Den vzniku samostatného československého státu)

🌍 Historical Background

Before 1918, the Czech lands — Bohemia, Moravia, and part of Silesia — were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The people living there spoke Czech and had their own culture, but they didn’t have their own country.
For many years, Czech politicians and intellectuals wanted greater independence and more rights within the empire.

During World War I (1914–1918), the Austro-Hungarian Empire began to weaken. Many Czechs and Slovaks who lived abroad started to plan how to create their own country after the war. Among them were Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Edvard Beneš, and Milan Rastislav Štefánik — three men who later became known as the founding fathers of Czechoslovakia.

📜 The Birth of a New Country

On October 28th, 1918, the long dream of independence came true.
A group of Czech politicians gathered in Prague and signed the declaration of independence.
At the same time, Slovak representatives met in the town of Martin, where they agreed to join the new state.

The new country was called Czechoslovakia (Československo) — combining the names of the two main nations: Czechs and Slovaks.
It became a democratic republic, inspired by Western European ideas of freedom and equality.

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk was chosen as the first president, and Edvard Beneš became foreign minister.
Czechoslovakia was officially recognized by other countries in 1919.

🏛️ The First Republic (1918–1938)

The period between 1918 and 1938 is often called “The First Republic.”
It was a time of optimism, growth, and culture. Czechoslovakia was one of the most developed and democratic countries in Central Europe.
Prague became a lively European capital, famous for its architecture, music, and education.

The country’s population was diverse — Czechs, Slovaks, Germans, Hungarians, Jews, and others lived together.
Although there were political challenges, most citizens were proud of their independence and their new democratic values.

⚔️ What Happened Next

Unfortunately, independence did not last forever.
In 1938, Nazi Germany occupied parts of Czechoslovakia after the Munich Agreement.
Then, in 1939, the country was completely taken over and divided.
After World War II, Czechoslovakia became free again — but in 1948, the Communist Party took power, supported by the Soviet Union.

For the next 40 years, the country lived under a communist regime, and the ideals of democracy from 1918 were suppressed.
However, people never forgot October 28th — it remained a symbol of freedom and the original democratic spirit of the country.

🕊️ After 1989 – Velvet Revolution and Independence Today

In 1989, the Velvet Revolution peacefully ended communist rule.
Czechoslovakia returned to democracy, and October 28th was once again celebrated as a national holiday.

Later, in 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into two countries — the Czech Republic and Slovakia — but both nations still celebrate their own independence days.

For the Czech Republic, October 28th remains a reminder of the birth of the first democratic state of Czechs and Slovaks, and of the values of freedom, equality, and unity.

🎉 How It’s Celebrated Today

Every year on October 28th:

• The Czech President lays wreaths and gives state awards at Prague Castle to people who have made great contributions to the country in science, art, sports, or public service.

• National flags are displayed on public buildings and homes.

• Many museums and monuments offer free entry.

• Schools, offices, and banks are closed.

• Ceremonies and concerts take place all over the country, especially in Prague, Brno, and Bratislava.

It’s a day to feel proud of Czech history and to remember how difficult — yet important — it was to gain independence.

✨ Summary

• Date: October 28th

• Holiday name: Independent Czechoslovak State Day

• Czech name: Den vzniku samostatného československého státu

• First celebrated: 1918

• Meaning: Marks the foundation of Czechoslovakia and the beginning of Czech democracy

• Key people: Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Edvard Beneš, Milan Rastislav Štefánik

🧠 Part 1 - Vocabulary Exercise

Match the words with their meanings.
Write the correct letter (a–j) next to each number.

1. Independence – 2. Declaration – 3. Democracy – 4. Republic – 5. Ceremony – 6. Wreath – 7. Occupy – 8. Regime – 9. Symbol – 10. Contribution

a) the act of officially saying something
b) the system where people can vote and have rights
c) when a country governs itself and is not ruled by another
d) a country with a president, not a king or queen
e) a formal event to celebrate or remember something
f) a circle made of flowers or leaves used in remembrance
g) to take control of a place by force
h) a system of government, especially one that controls strictly
i) something that represents a bigger idea or feeling
j) something given or done to help a country or cause

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💬 Part 2 – Reading Comprehension

Read the passage (from the previous explanation) and answer the questions:

1. When was Czechoslovakia founded?

2. Who became the first president?

3. What were the main nations in Czechoslovakia?

4. What happened to the country during World War II?

5. What kind of government ruled after 1948?

6. What event ended communist rule in 1989?

7. When did the Czech Republic and Slovakia split?

8. How is October 28th celebrated today?

9. Why is this day important for Czech people?

10. What does the flag symbolize on this day?

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🗣️ Part 3 – Speaking Discussion

Use these questions in pairs or groups:

1. What does independence mean to you personally?

2. Why do you think it’s important for a country to remember its history?

3. How do people in your country celebrate national holidays?

4. What values do you think are most important for a democratic country?

5. Do you think the Czech Republic and Slovakia have a good relationship today? Why?

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🎃 Halloween: Between Fear and Fun

🌒 A Night of Mystery

Every year, on October 31st, people all around the world prepare for one of the most exciting and mysterious nights of the year — Halloween. Streets are filled with children dressed as ghosts, witches, or superheroes; pumpkins glow with scary faces; and people attend parties filled with laughter, music, and spooky decorations.

Although Halloween today is known for fun, candy, and costumes, its origins go back thousands of years, and the festival has changed many times before becoming what it is now. It’s a celebration that connects ancient traditions, religion, folklore, and modern pop culture.

🕯️ Ancient Origins: The Celtic Festival of Samhain

The story of Halloween begins more than 2,000 years ago with the Celts, who lived in what is now Ireland, the United Kingdom, and northern France.
For them, the year was divided into two main parts — the light half (summer) and the dark half (winter). The transition between them was celebrated at a festival called Samhain (pronounced sow-in), held on October 31st.

Samhain marked the end of the harvest season and the beginning of the cold, dark winter — a time when food was scarce and the days were short. The Celts believed that on this night, the border between the world of the living and the dead became very thin. Spirits could return to visit their families, and people could see fairies or other magical beings.

To protect themselves from evil spirits, people lit large bonfires, wore masks or animal skins, and offered food to wandering ghosts. They believed this would keep them safe until the morning. This idea — that October 31st is a night when the dead walk among us — is still a central theme of Halloween today.

⛪ From Samhain to All Hallows’ Eve

As Christianity spread through Europe, the Church wanted to replace pagan celebrations with Christian ones. In the 9th century, Pope Gregory IV made November 1st a holy day called All Saints’ Day (All Hallows’ Day) — a time to honor all Christian saints and martyrs. The night before it, October 31st, became known as All Hallows’ Eve, which over time was shortened to Halloween.

Even though the Church tried to give the holiday a religious meaning, many folk traditions from Samhain continued — lighting candles, dressing in costumes, and believing that spirits could still visit the living.

🧙‍♀️ Witches, Ghosts, and Superstitions

During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed strongly in witches, demons, and supernatural creatures. Halloween became associated with dark forces and witchcraft.
People told stories about black cats — believed to be witches’ companions — and about ghosts wandering the streets at night. Some believed that if you walked past a ghost on Halloween, it might follow you home!

Because of these fears, people began to carry lanterns made from turnips or carved vegetables to scare away evil spirits. In Ireland, a legend told of “Stingy Jack”, a man who tricked the devil and was condemned to walk the earth forever with only a carved turnip and a burning coal inside. This story later inspired the Jack-o’-lantern tradition.

🌍 Halloween Travels to America

In the 19th century, millions of Irish and Scottish immigrants moved to the United States, bringing their Halloween customs with them. There, the traditions mixed with others from European and Native American cultures.

Americans soon adopted new ways to celebrate — including parties, games, and public parades. By the early 20th century, Halloween had become a community event rather than a religious one. People decorated their homes with pumpkins, and children went door to door playing tricks or asking for sweets. This became known as “trick-or-treating.”

Interestingly, pumpkins replaced turnips because pumpkins were native to North America and much easier to carve. Today, carved pumpkins with candles inside — the Jack-o’-lanterns — are one of the most famous symbols of Halloween.

🍭 Trick-or-Treating and Modern Customs

Trick-or-treating is one of the most loved Halloween traditions. Children dress up as monsters, superheroes, or movie characters and knock on doors saying, “Trick or treat!”
If the house owners give them candy, everything is fine — but in the past, if they refused, children might play small jokes or tricks on them, like covering the door with soap or toilet paper.

Today, Halloween is more about creativity and fun than tricks. People decorate their houses with fake cobwebs, skeletons, bats, and ghosts, and even pets wear costumes!
Adults often join the fun too — many cities organize costume parties, concerts, and Halloween parades. Popular films and TV shows, such as Hocus Pocus, The Nightmare Before Christmas, and Stranger Things, also add to the modern Halloween spirit.

🦇 The Meaning Behind the Symbols

Every object connected to Halloween has its own story:

• Pumpkin (Jack-o’-lantern): light that protects from evil spirits.

• Ghosts: the souls of the dead returning to visit.

• Black cats: symbols of mystery, magic, and sometimes bad luck.

• Witches: women who had knowledge of herbs and healing — later seen as dangerous.

• Bats and spiders: animals that live in the dark and are connected to haunted houses.

• Skeletons and skulls: reminders that life and death are part of the same cycle.
  
  

What’s interesting is that these scary symbols don’t only represent fear — they also express curiosity about death, imagination, and human creativity.

🎭 Halloween Around the World

While Halloween is most popular in the United States, Canada, Ireland, and the UK, it has spread worldwide. In each country, people adapt it to their own traditions:

• Mexico: celebrates Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) on November 1–2, honoring ancestors with flowers, candles, and colorful skulls.

• Czech Republic: people visit cemeteries during Dušičky (All Souls’ Day) to light candles for deceased relatives.

• Japan: Halloween is a time for costume parades and cosplay festivals, especially in Tokyo.

• France and Germany: Halloween is a newer celebration, but young people enjoy parties, horror films, and themed decorations.
  
  

Although the customs differ, the message is similar: to remember the dead, enjoy life, and express creativity.

🧠 The Psychology of Fear

Why do people love to be scared on Halloween? Psychologists say that fear, when it’s safe, can actually be exciting. Watching horror films, visiting haunted houses, or telling ghost stories allows people to experience danger in a controlled way.
It gives a rush of adrenaline — the same feeling you get from riding a rollercoaster.

This is why Halloween is so popular: it combines fear and fun, allowing people to face their fears through imagination.

🧵 The Influence of Media and Pop Culture

Modern Halloween has been strongly influenced by Hollywood. Movies like Halloween (1978), Friday the 13th, and The Addams Family shaped how people imagine ghosts, killers, and monsters. Television, advertisements, and social media continue to spread the festival globally.

Today, Halloween is also a huge business — people spend billions of dollars every year on costumes, decorations, and candy. But beyond the commercial side, it remains a chance for people to be creative, expressive, and playful.

🌕 A Celebration of Imagination

At its heart, Halloween is a celebration of storytelling, transformation, and fantasy. It lets people become someone else for one night — a vampire, a princess, or a zombie.
Children learn to use their imagination, and adults get a break from daily life.

Even though it’s full of ghosts and monsters, Halloween is really about community, joy, and human connection. Behind the masks and makeup, people come together — just as the Celts once did — to celebrate the mystery of life, death, and everything in between.

✨ Conclusion

Halloween has changed many times over the centuries — from an ancient Celtic ritual to a Christian tradition, and finally into a global festival of fun and imagination. It reminds us of our shared human fascination with light and darkness, fear and laughter, life and death.

Whether you light a candle, carve a pumpkin, or dance at a costume party, you are taking part in a celebration that began thousands of years ago — a night when the ordinary world meets the world of magic.

So, on October 31st, don’t be afraid of the shadows.
Instead, embrace the mystery, enjoy the laughter, and let your imagination shine as brightly as a Jack-o’-lantern in the dark. 🎃👻🕯️

Vocabulary – Match the Words to Their Meanings

Match each word to its correct meaning. Write the correct letter (A–T) next to each number.

Match each word with its meaning. Write the correct letter (A–O) next to each number.

1. Samhain – 2. bonfire – 3. disguise – 4. superstition – 5. transform – 6. symbol – 7. ancient – 8. mystery – 9. creativity – 10. adrenaline – 11. haunted – 12. legend – 13. ritual – 14. ancestor – 15. celebration

Meanings:

A. A story from the past, often involving heroes or magical events
B. A strong feeling of excitement, often linked to danger
C. A formal action or ceremony performed in a particular order
D. Someone from your family who lived a long time ago
E. A very old festival or event from history
F. To change something completely into a different form or appearance
G. Something that represents an idea, belief, or object
H. Something that is mysterious, strange, or difficult to understand
I. A large outdoor fire, usually for a festival or celebration
J. A traditional festival held by the Celts marking the end of summer
K. A feeling of fear or belief in supernatural causes without scientific reason
L. The ability to imagine, invent, or create new things
M. To hide your appearance or identity, often with a costume or mask
N. A place or thing believed to be visited by ghosts
O. A joyful event to honor, remember, or celebrate something

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Reading Comprehension

Answer the questions in complete sentences.

1. Where did Halloween originally come from?

2. What did the Celts believe happened on the night of Samhain?

3. How did people protect themselves from evil spirits?

4. What is the connection between Samhain and All Hallows’ Eve?

5. Who was “Stingy Jack,” and why is he important to Halloween traditions?

6. Why did pumpkins replace turnips in America?

7. What is the meaning of “trick or treat”?

8. List three common symbols of Halloween and what they represent.

9. How do different countries celebrate similar holidays to Halloween?

10. Why do psychologists say people enjoy fear during Halloween?

_________________________

Grammar and Word Formation

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets.

1. The Celts believed that the border between the living and the dead became very ___ (THIN).

2. Halloween has become a very ___ holiday in the United States. (COMMERCIAL)

3. Many children enjoy ___ their favorite movie characters. (DRESS)

4. It’s amazing how Halloween has ___ from a pagan ritual to a modern festival. (TRANSFORM)

5. Fear can sometimes be an ___ emotion when it’s safe. (EXCITE)

6. Pumpkins are ___ to carve than turnips. (EASY)

7. The night of October 31st is full of ___ and imagination. (MYSTERIOUS)

8. The Jack-o’-lantern is a ___ of protection and light. (SYMBOLIC)

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Speaking Practice

Discuss with a partner or record yourself:

1. Do you like scary movies or haunted houses? Why or why not?

2. What would be your dream Halloween costume and why?

3. Do you think Halloween is too commercial today?

4. What are some differences between Halloween and the Day of the Dead in Mexico?

5. If you could create your own modern festival, what would it celebrate?

Christmas: Tradition, Meaning, and Modern Life

Christmas is one of the most widely celebrated festivals in the world, yet its meaning varies significantly depending on culture, belief, and personal experience. While it is often portrayed as a joyful season filled with warmth, generosity, and togetherness, Christmas is in fact a complex social and cultural phenomenon that reflects both the best and the most challenging aspects of modern life.

Historically, Christmas originates from Christian tradition, commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ. For centuries, it has served as a spiritual cornerstone for Christian communities, offering a period of reflection, humility, and renewal of faith. Religious practices such as attending midnight Mass, singing carols, and participating in charitable acts were originally central to the celebration. Although religious observance has declined in many parts of the world, these traditions have shaped the moral framework associated with Christmas, particularly the emphasis on compassion and care for others.

In contemporary society, however, Christmas has become increasingly commercialised. Advertising campaigns begin earlier each year, encouraging consumers to buy gifts, decorations, and luxury food products. For many families, financial pressure becomes a major source of stress during the festive period, as expectations to provide a “perfect” Christmas continue to rise. This commercial focus can overshadow the original values of the holiday, turning what was once a time of reflection into a demanding social performance.

Despite this, Christmas still plays an important role in strengthening social bonds. It remains one of the few occasions when extended families make a deliberate effort to gather, sometimes travelling long distances to be together. Shared rituals, such as preparing traditional meals or exchanging symbolic gifts, help reinforce a sense of belonging and continuity across generations. These moments often become powerful emotional memories, linking childhood experiences with adult life.

At the same time, Christmas can also magnify social inequalities. While some people enjoy comfort and abundance, others face isolation, unemployment, or homelessness. The contrast between public celebration and private hardship can be particularly stark during this season. As a result, many organisations increase their outreach activities in December, offering food, shelter, and companionship to those in need. For volunteers, Christmas can serve as a reminder that social responsibility should extend beyond seasonal generosity.

On a psychological level, Christmas has a profound emotional impact. For individuals who associate the season with loss, family conflict, or unmet expectations, it can intensify feelings of anxiety and loneliness. The widespread cultural narrative that Christmas must be happy can make it difficult for people to express negative emotions without feeling guilty or out of place. Recognising this emotional complexity allows for a more compassionate understanding of the holiday.

Globalisation has further transformed Christmas into a cultural event that transcends religion. In many non-Christian countries, Christmas is celebrated as a festive or commercial occasion rather than a religious one. International travel, media, and global brands have contributed to the spread of similar symbols—such as Christmas trees, Santa Claus, and gift-giving—across diverse societies. Yet local traditions continue to adapt these symbols in unique ways, demonstrating how global culture and local identity coexist.

In recent years, concerns about sustainability have also influenced how people approach Christmas. Growing awareness of environmental issues has led some individuals to question excessive consumption, wasteful packaging, and fast fashion gifts. Alternatives such as handmade presents, experiences rather than objects, or charitable donations in someone’s name are becoming increasingly popular. These changes suggest a gradual shift towards more conscious and meaningful forms of celebration.

Ultimately, Christmas cannot be defined by decorations, gifts, or even traditions alone. Its significance lies in the choices people make during the season: whether to prioritise connection over consumption, empathy over appearance, and intention over obligation. In a world characterised by speed and constant distraction, Christmas offers a rare opportunity to slow down and reflect on what truly matters—not only at the end of the year, but beyond it.

Exercise 1: Vocabulary Matching 

Words

1. commemorating – 2. cornerstone – 3. compassion – 4. commercialised – 5. expectations – 6. reinforce – 7. continuity – 8. inequalities – 9. stark – 10. outreach – 11. intensify – 12. narrative – 13. transcend – 14. sustainability – 15. obligation 

Definitions

A. To strengthen or make something more solid
B. A serious difference between groups of people, especially socially or economically
C. The main or most important part of something
D. A story or commonly accepted way of understanding events
E. To remember and honour a person or event
F. Clearly noticeable and often unpleasant
G. To become stronger or more extreme
H. A feeling of sympathy and concern for others
I. A sense of duty or responsibility
J. Activities designed to help and support people in need
K. The act of continuing without interruption over time
L. Related to protecting the environment and avoiding waste
M. Turned into something focused on making money
N. To go beyond limits, beliefs, or boundaries
O. Beliefs about what should happen or how someone should behave

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Exercise 2: Reading Comprehension Questions

Answer the questions in full sentences.

1. What were the original religious purposes of Christmas according to the text?

2. How has commercialisation changed the way Christmas is celebrated today?

3. Why can Christmas increase financial and emotional pressure for some people?

4. In what ways does Christmas help strengthen family relationships?

5. How does the text describe the contrast between public celebration and private hardship?

6. Why can Christmas be emotionally difficult for certain individuals?

7. How has globalisation influenced Christmas celebrations around the world?

8. What environmental concerns are mentioned in relation to modern Christmas celebrations?

9. What alternatives to traditional gift-giving does the text suggest?

10. What does the author suggest is the true value of Christmas?

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Exercise 3: Critical Thinking & Discussion Questions

Discuss or write short answers.

1. Do you agree that Christmas has become too commercialised? Why or why not?

2. Should generosity be limited to Christmas, or practised all year round?

3. How is Christmas celebrated in your culture, and how has it changed over time?

4. Do you think social media increases pressure during Christmas? Explain.

5. How can people make Christmas more meaningful without spending a lot of money?

6. Is it possible to celebrate Christmas without any religious meaning? Give reasons.

7. How important is sustainability when it comes to celebrations and festivals?

For many people, a ski trip represents the perfect balance between adventure, discipline, and relaxation. What often looks effortless on social media—snow-covered peaks, elegant turns on pristine slopes, and cosy evenings by the fireplace—is, in reality, the result of careful planning and thoughtful preparation long before the first ski pass is scanned.

Preparation Before the Journey

The preparation for a ski trip usually begins weeks, sometimes months, in advance. Choosing the right destination is a crucial first step. Factors such as altitude, snow reliability, slope difficulty, and accessibility all influence the decision. Beginners often prefer resorts with wide, gentle slopes and excellent ski schools, while more experienced skiers seek challenging terrain, off-piste opportunities, and high-altitude areas that guarantee good snow conditions throughout the season.

Accommodation must also be considered carefully. Some travellers opt for ski-in, ski-out chalets for maximum convenience, while others choose hotels in nearby villages to experience local culture. Budget plays a role as well, as ski holidays can be expensive once equipment rental, lift passes, and meals are taken into account.

Equally important is physical preparation. Skiing is demanding on the body, particularly on the legs, core, and cardiovascular system. In the weeks leading up to the trip, many skiers follow training routines that include strength exercises, balance work, and endurance training to reduce the risk of injury and improve performance on the slopes.

Packing for a ski trip requires both practicality and foresight. Thermal base layers, waterproof outerwear, gloves, goggles, and helmets are essential. Even experienced skiers are advised to check their equipment carefully, ensuring that bindings are correctly adjusted and boots fit properly. Forgetting small items such as sunscreen or lip balm can be surprisingly uncomfortable, as the combination of cold air and strong sunlight at high altitudes is harsh on the skin.

Arrival at the Resort

Upon arrival at the resort, the atmosphere is often a mixture of excitement and mild chaos. Families, groups of friends, and solo travellers line up to collect lift passes and rental equipment. Ski rental shops are busy but efficient, as staff help customers find skis suited to their height, weight, and ability level. First-time skiers may feel overwhelmed by the unfamiliar terminology, while seasoned skiers move confidently through the process, eager to reach the slopes.

The first day is usually dedicated to orientation rather than intense skiing. Many resorts recommend starting slowly, especially for those who have not skied recently. Acclimatisation to altitude is essential, as headaches and fatigue are common when the body is not used to thinner air. A short warm-up session on easy slopes helps skiers regain balance, coordination, and confidence.

Life on the Slopes

As the days progress, a routine begins to form. Mornings often start early, with skiers aiming to take advantage of freshly groomed slopes and quieter lifts. After strapping on boots and skis, there is a brief moment of adjustment, as the body remembers familiar movements. For beginners, lessons with professional instructors provide structure and reassurance, while advanced skiers may head directly to steeper runs or explore new areas of the resort.

Skiing itself is both physically demanding and mentally absorbing. Every turn requires focus, control, and constant adjustment to changing snow conditions. Weather can transform the experience dramatically: bright sunshine creates perfect visibility, while fog or heavy snowfall demands caution and adaptability. Despite the challenges, there is a strong sense of satisfaction in mastering a difficult slope or noticing gradual improvement over time.

Lunch breaks are an important part of the ski day. Mountain restaurants and huts offer warm meals and a chance to rest tired legs. Sitting on a sunny terrace, surrounded by mountains, skiers share stories of falls, near-misses, and small victories. These moments of rest are not only social but necessary, as fatigue can quickly lead to accidents if ignored.

Après-Ski and Evening Activities

After the lifts close, the focus shifts from performance to relaxation. Some skiers enjoy lively après-ski bars, where music, conversation, and celebration create a festive atmosphere. Others prefer quieter evenings, returning to their accommodation to stretch sore muscles, enjoy a hot shower, or relax in a sauna.

Evenings often involve planning for the next day. Weather forecasts are checked, routes are discussed, and goals are set—whether it is attempting a new run, improving technique, or simply skiing more confidently than the day before. For many, this reflective aspect of a ski trip is just as rewarding as the physical activity itself.

More Than Just a Holiday

By the end of the trip, skiing becomes more than a sport; it becomes a shared experience that combines effort, perseverance, and enjoyment. The preparation, the early mornings, the physical exhaustion, and even the occasional fall all contribute to a sense of achievement. A ski trip teaches patience, respect for nature, and awareness of one’s own limits.

Long after the snow has melted and everyday routines resume, the memories remain vivid: the sound of skis on fresh snow, the silence of the mountains, and the quiet pride of progress made one turn at a time.

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Matching words

1- Acclimatisation; 2. Off-piste; 3. Endurance; 4. Bindings; 5. Pristine; 6. Accommodations; 7. Foresight; 8. Terrain; 9. Coordination; 10. Fatigue; 11. Accessibility; 12. Acclimatise; 13. Après-ski; 14. Reliability; 15. Perseverance 

Meanings

A. Physical and mental tiredness caused by prolonged effort
B. The ability to continue doing something difficult for a long time
C. The process of getting used to new conditions, especially altitude or climate
D. Areas of land considered in terms of their physical features
E. Clean, fresh, and untouched condition
F. Activities and entertainment that take place after skiing
G. The quality of being dependable or consistently good
H. The skill of using different body parts together smoothly
I. Housing or places to stay for travellers
J. The determination to continue despite difficulty or delay in achieving success
K. The ability to be reached or entered easily
L. Skiing on natural snow outside marked or prepared slopes
M. The ability to think ahead and plan for the future
N. To adjust physically to a new environment or altitude
O. Parts of skis that connect boots securely to the skis

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Comprehension! 

1. Why is choosing the right ski destination an important part of trip preparation?  

2. How do beginners and experienced skiers differ in their choice of ski resorts?  

3. What types of physical training are recommended before going on a ski trip, and why?  

4. Why is careful packing essential for a ski holiday?  

5. What challenges might skiers face upon arrival at a high-altitude resort?  

6. Why is the first day at the resort usually not very intense?  

7. How do weather conditions affect the skiing experience?  

8. Why are lunch breaks considered important during a day of skiing?  

9. How do skiers typically spend their time after the ski lifts close?  

10. According to the text, what long-term benefits or lessons does a ski trip provide?

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Speaking part!

1. Have you ever been on a ski trip? If yes, describe your experience. If not, would you like to go? Why or why not?  

2. What factors would you consider when choosing a ski resort?  

3. Do you think physical preparation is necessary before skiing? Why?  

4. How would you pack for a winter sports holiday? Which items are essential for you?  

5. How do you feel about trying skiing off-piste or on challenging slopes? Would you do it?  

6. What do you enjoy more on a ski trip: skiing itself or the après-ski activities? Why?  

7. How would you help a beginner friend who is nervous about skiing for the first time?  

8. Do you think ski trips are more about sport, relaxation, or socializing? Explain your opinion.  

9. How do weather conditions influence your decision to go skiing or stay indoors?  

10. If you could plan your ideal ski trip, what would it include and why?  

The Vietnamese Lunar New Year, commonly known as Tết, is the most important and widely celebrated holiday in Vietnam. More than simply the beginning of a new calendar year, Tết represents a profound cultural, spiritual, and emotional turning point. It is a time of family reunion, gratitude toward ancestors, and hope for prosperity in the year ahead. For Vietnamese people, Tết is not just a holiday—it is a symbol of identity and continuity.

The Meaning of Tết

Tết marks the arrival of spring according to the lunar calendar, usually falling between late January and mid-February. Unlike the Western New Year, which lasts only one day, Tết is prepared for weeks in advance and celebrated for several days. The atmosphere gradually changes: streets become more colorful, houses are cleaned and decorated, and markets are filled with flowers, fruits, and traditional foods.

At its core, Tết is about renewal. Just as nature awakens after winter, people also seek a fresh start. They try to resolve past conflicts, pay off debts, and forgive misunderstandings before the new year begins. The idea is that entering the new year with negativity may bring bad luck, while starting with peace and harmony ensures good fortune.

Family Reunion and Returning Home

One of the most touching aspects of Tết is the tradition of returning home. No matter how far people work or study—whether in big cities or abroad—they make great efforts to reunite with their families. Airports, bus stations, and train platforms become extremely crowded in the days leading up to Tết.

This homecoming reflects the deep importance of family in Vietnamese culture. During Tết, three or even four generations often gather under one roof. Grandparents, parents, children, and relatives share meals, stories, and laughter. It is a rare opportunity for families to reconnect in a fast-paced modern society.

Preparing for the New Year

Preparation for Tết is almost as meaningful as the celebration itself. Weeks before the holiday, families thoroughly clean their houses. This is not only for hygiene but also symbolic: cleaning removes bad luck from the previous year and makes space for new blessings.

Decorations are carefully chosen. In northern regions, peach blossoms are popular, while in the south, yellow apricot flowers are preferred. These flowers symbolize vitality and prosperity. Kumquat trees, with their small golden fruits, represent abundance and success.

Another important preparation is cooking traditional food. Families often gather to make bánh chưng (square sticky rice cake) in the north or bánh tét (cylindrical sticky rice cake) in the south. These rice cakes are made from glutinous rice, pork, and mung beans, wrapped in leaves and boiled for many hours. The process requires patience and cooperation, strengthening family bonds.

Ancestor Worship and Spiritual Values

Spirituality plays a central role in Tết celebrations. Vietnamese people strongly believe in honoring their ancestors. On New Year’s Eve, families prepare a special tray of food, fruits, and incense on the ancestral altar. They invite the spirits of their ancestors to return home and celebrate with the living family members.

This ritual reflects the Vietnamese philosophy that the past and present are closely connected. Ancestors are not forgotten; they remain a spiritual presence, guiding and protecting their descendants. By expressing gratitude and respect, families reinforce moral values such as loyalty, responsibility, and filial piety.

New Year’s Eve and the First Moments

New Year’s Eve, known as Giao Thừa, is the most sacred moment of Tết. As midnight approaches, families gather to welcome the new year together. Some people visit temples or pagodas to pray for health, success, and happiness. Others stay at home, watching fireworks and sharing wishes.

The first visitor to a house after midnight is considered very important. According to traditional belief, the personality and fortune of this “first guest” may influence the family’s luck for the entire year. Therefore, families sometimes carefully choose someone with a positive character and successful life to visit first.

Lucky Money and Festive Activities

One of the most enjoyable traditions for children is receiving “lucky money,” known as lì xì. Adults give children small amounts of money in red envelopes. The red color symbolizes good luck and protection from evil spirits. Although the money is usually modest, the gesture carries deep meaning: it expresses blessings for growth, health, and academic success.

During the first days of Tết, people visit relatives, friends, and teachers to exchange greetings. They often say wishes such as “Good health,” “Prosperity,” and “Success.” Unlike ordinary days, conversations are especially polite and positive, as negative words are believed to bring bad luck.

Traditional games, lion dances, and cultural performances are also organized in many communities. These activities create a joyful and vibrant atmosphere. In recent years, modern entertainment such as television programs and social media have become part of the celebration, yet traditional customs remain central.

Food and Symbolism

Food during Tết is not only delicious but also symbolic. Sticky rice represents unity and stability. Pickled vegetables symbolize balance, preventing heaviness from rich dishes. Boiled chicken, pork, and various traditional desserts are carefully prepared.

Many dishes carry symbolic meanings. For example, round fruits represent completeness and harmony. Sweet foods express the wish for a “sweet” year ahead. Through food, Vietnamese people communicate hopes for prosperity, peace, and happiness.

Modern Changes and Global Influence

As society evolves, Tết has also adapted. Urban families may simplify traditional rituals due to busy schedules. Some people travel abroad during the holiday instead of staying home. Online shopping and digital greetings have partly replaced traditional markets and handwritten cards.

Nevertheless, the fundamental values of Tết—family reunion, gratitude, and renewal—remain unchanged. Even Vietnamese communities living overseas maintain Tết traditions as a way to preserve cultural identity and pass it on to younger generations.

Cultural Significance

Tết is more than a celebration; it is a reflection of Vietnamese worldview. It highlights respect for elders, appreciation of nature’s cycles, and belief in harmony between humans and the spiritual world. It also emphasizes optimism: no matter how difficult the previous year was, the new year offers a fresh beginning.

Understanding Tết provides insight into how culture shapes values and behavior. The holiday illustrates how traditions can survive modernization while adapting to contemporary life.

Conclusion

Vietnamese Lunar New Year is a unique blend of joy, spirituality, and family connection. It represents hope, renewal, and continuity between generations. Although customs may vary from region to region and evolve over time, the essence of Tết remains the same: celebrating life, honoring the past, and welcoming the future with confidence and gratitude.

In this way, Tết is not only the start of a new year but also a reminder of what truly matters—family, respect, and the opportunity to begin again.

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Word-matching exercise

1 - profound, 2 - continuity, 3 - renewal, 4 - resolve, 5 - prosperity, 6 - gratitude, 7 - reinforce, 8 - filial piety, 9 - sacred, 10 - influence, 11 - vibrant, 12 - symbolic, 13 - preserve, 14 - identity, 15 - evolve. 

Definitions

A - to develop gradually or change over time
B - strong appreciation or thankfulness
C - deeply meaningful or serious
D - financial success or wealth
E - to strengthen or support
F - the quality of being lively and full of energy
G - something that represents a deeper meaning
H - the act of solving a problem or conflict
I - respect and devotion to one’s parents and ancestors
J - to keep something safe and maintain it
K - the continuation of something over time
L - a fresh start or beginning again
M - holy or spiritually important
N - the effect one thing has on another
O - the characteristics that define who someone is

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Comprehension Questions

1. Why is Tết considered more than just the beginning of a new calendar year in Vietnam?

2. How does the concept of renewal influence people’s behavior before the New Year begins?

3. Why is returning home during Tết emotionally significant for many Vietnamese people?

4. What symbolic meaning does cleaning the house have before Tết?

5. How do traditional foods such as bánh chưng or bánh tét strengthen family relationships?

6. What role does ancestor worship play in Vietnamese New Year celebrations?

7. Why is the first visitor of the year considered important?

8. What is the deeper meaning behind giving lucky money (lì xì) to children?

9. In what ways has modernization changed the way Tết is celebrated?

10. According to the article, what core values of Tết remain unchanged despite social changes?

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Speaking

1. What does Tết mean to you personally?

2. How do you usually celebrate Lunar New Year?

3. Do you prefer traditional celebrations or modern ways of celebrating? Why?

4. What is your favorite Tết memory from childhood?

5. Why do you think family reunion is so important during Tết?

6. Do you think young people today value Tết traditions as much as older generations? Explain your opinion.

7. How has globalization influenced the way Tết is celebrated?

8. In your opinion, is it necessary to maintain traditional customs in modern society?

9. Some people say Tết is becoming too commercialized. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons.

10. Do you think traditions like ancestor worship will survive in future generations? Why or why not?

11. Compare Vietnamese Lunar New Year with Western New Year celebrations. What are the main cultural differences?

12. If you were responsible for promoting Tết internationally, how would you present it to a global audience?